Radiomic and proteomic signatures of body mass index on brain ageing and Alzheimer's-like patterns of brain atrophy
eBioMedicine, 2025
Anagnostakis F., Kokkorakis M., Walker K., Skampardoni I., Wen J., Erus G., Tosun D., Tassopoulou V., Cui Y., Govindarajan S., Srinivasan D., Melhem R., Mamourian E., Shou H., Nasrallah I., Mantzoros C., Davatzikos C.
| Disease area | Application area | Sample type | Products |
|---|---|---|---|
Metabolic Diseases Neurology | Pathophysiology | Plasma |  Olink Explore 3072/384 |
Abstract
Background
The impact of high body mass index (BMI) states and associated proteomic factors on brain ageing and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unclear.
Methods
We sought to evaluate machine learning (ML)-based neuroimaging markers of brain age and AD-like brain atrophy in participants with obesity or overweight without diagnosed cognitive impairment (WODCI), in a harmonised study of 46,288 participants in 15 studies (the Imaging-Based Coordinate System for Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases (iSTAGING) consortium). We also assessed the association between cognition, serum proteins, and brain ageing indices. Data were acquired between 1999 and 2020 and analysed from November 2024 onwards.
Findings
The study comprised 46,288 participants, including 24,897 females and 21,391 males, with a mean age of 64.33 years (SD = 8.13) and a mean BMI of 26.81 kg/m2 (SD = 4.49). The results demonstrate that the impact of obesity on brain ageing, and AD-like brain atrophy is weaker with increasing age and is significantly pronounced in males compared to females. Additionally, in males, obesity was significantly associated with approximately 2 additional years of brain ageing compared to normal weight and 1 additional year compared to the overweight group. Males with overweight also showed higher brain ageing values (8 additional months) than males with normal weight. Regarding AD-like brain atrophy, males with obesity displayed higher AD-like brain atrophy than males with normal weight, but females with normal weight showed higher AD-like brain atrophy than females with overweight. Sex differences within the same BMI categories were observed, with males exhibiting increased brain ageing compared to females, in obesity (1 additional year) and overweight groups (3 additional months). Higher AD-like brain atrophy was observed in males with overweight than in females with overweight. Females with normal weight displayed increased brain ageing (8 additional months) and AD-like brain atrophy relative to males with normal weight. In both retrospective and cross-sectional proteomics studies, five and eight proteins out of 1463 proteins were significantly (positively or negatively) associated with brain ageing and 1-SD BMI change (SD = 4.2 kg/m2), respectively.
Interpretation
The findings demonstrate that higher BMI states are associated with accelerated brain ageing and AD-like atrophy, particularly in males, while females with normal weight demonstrated higher brain ageing and AD-like atrophy than males with normal weight. Moreover, the impact of obesity on brain ageing and AD-like brain atrophy becomes weaker with increasing age. Further research is needed to investigate sex-specific mechanisms by which weight gain influences brain ageing.