Significance of tumor infiltrating granulocytes and neutrophil extracellular traps in colorectal cancer
British Journal of Cancer, 2026
Rahkola O., Tuomisto A., Elomaa H., Karjalainen H., Äijälä V., Kastinen M., Tapiainen V., Kehusmaa A., Ojanperä A., Pohjanen V., Ahtiainen M., Helminen O., Wirta E., Rintala J., Meriläinen S., Aro R., Häivälä R., Saarnio J., Rautio T., Seppälä T., Böhm J., Mecklin J., Mäkinen M., Väyrynen J., Sirniö P.
| Disease area | Application area | Sample type | Products |
|---|---|---|---|
Oncology | Pathophysiology | Plasma |  Olink Target 96 |
Abstract
Background
Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes in the tumor microenvironment and exert both pro- and anti-cancer effects. Activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that have been proposed to promote tumor progression and metastasis. We aimed to clarify the significance of NETs and granulocytes in colorectal cancer.
Methods
Our study population consisted of three independent colorectal cancer cohorts ( N = 1927). We identified NETs showing positivity for citrullinated histone H3 (Cit-H3) and granulocytes expressing CD66b (CEACAM8) with multiplex immunohistochemistry and used digital image analysis and machine learning tools to calculate their densities in tumor samples. Associations between NET and granulocyte densities with clinicopathologic characteristics, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, prognosis, and systemic inflammation markers were examined.
Results
The densities of Cit-H3 + NETs positively correlated with macrophage densities and mesenteric serum levels of CX3CL1 and ANGPT2, but were not associated with survival. Higher CD66b + granulocyte density was associated with longer colorectal cancer-specific survival independent of conventional prognostic parameters. In the largest cohort ( N = 1090), multivariable HR for high vs. low CD66b + granulocyte density was 0.53 (95%CI 0.38–0.73, P Trend < 0.001).
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that while neutrophil infiltration is associated with favorable colorectal cancer outcomes, the presence of intratumoral Cit-H3 + NETs does not predict survival.